Autoimmune encephalitis is a complex condition, with many aspects of causality and treatment incompletely understood. Divyanshu Dubey, MBBS, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, discusses the main challenges currently faced in the field. These include improving diagnosis, as a lack of diagnostic biomarkers means a large percentage of patients are diagnosed based only on clinical judgement. Additionally, treating autoimmune encephalitis successfully with minimal side effects remains a challenge. This interview took place during the ACTRIMS Forum 2021.